Can pets get lonely? Vet experts explain the signs your dog or cat may need more attention

Pets may not experience loneliness exactly as humans do, but dogs and cats can become stressed, bored or distressed when their social, mental and environmental needs are not being met. For pet parents, this can sometimes be difficult to recognise because animals cannot simply tell us that they need more company. Dogs, in particular, are highly social animals and can develop behavioural problems when they are left alone for long periods without enough exercise, interaction or stimulation. Cats are different. Many are more independent and prefer to control when and how they interact with people, but they still need a safe environment, opportunities for play and positive human contact.

One of the clearest clues that a dog may not be getting enough stimulation is a change in behaviour. A dog that is frequently left alone without enough activity may start barking excessively, chewing furniture, digging, pacing or becoming unusually restless. However, these behaviours should not automatically be blamed on loneliness. Dogs can behave this way because of anxiety, fear, medical problems, insufficient training or other environmental factors. Separation-related distress is one possibility. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, affected dogs may show distress vocalisation, destructive behaviour, pacing, restlessness, house soiling, excessive salivation or difficulty settling when their owners leave. These signs often appear soon after the owner departs.

A dog that constantly demands attention can also be signalling that it needs more meaningful interaction. But giving attention every time a dog barks or demands it may accidentally reinforce the behaviour. Instead, pet parents can build regular periods of play, exercise, training and calm interaction into the daily routine. The American Veterinary Medical Association also recommends giving dogs daily opportunities for activities such as walking, playing, grooming and positive interaction.

Cats are often described as independent, but that does not mean they have no social or emotional needs. Domestic cats are socially flexible. Some enjoy spending considerable time with people, while others prefer shorter interactions and more personal space. The important point is to understand the individual cat. The American Association of Feline Practitioners and International Society of Feline Medicine guidelines recommend positive, consistent and predictable interaction between cats and their human carers. They also note that cats should be allowed to choose when to approach and end an interaction rather than being forced to engage. A cat that suddenly hides more often, becomes less interested in play or changes its normal social behaviour may need closer attention. But behavioural changes can also be caused by pain, illness, stress or changes in the home.

That is why owners should not assume every change means the cat is lonely. Cats also need opportunities to express natural behaviours. Interactive toys, scratching areas, safe places to hide, elevated spaces and food puzzles can provide mental stimulation. Regular but gentle interaction can also help strengthen the bond between a cat and its owner.

Preventing boredom and social stress does not necessarily mean spending every minute with a pet. Quality and consistency matter. For dogs, this can include daily walks, play sessions, reward-based training and activities that allow them to explore and use their senses. Food-stuffed toys and puzzle activities can also give dogs something constructive to do when they are resting alone. For cats, short play sessions, safe climbing or resting areas, scratching posts and interactive feeding activities can make the home environment more interesting. Giving cats control over when they interact is also important.

Most importantly, pet parents should watch for changes from their animal's normal behaviour. A sudden increase in clinginess, withdrawal, destructive behaviour, vocalisation, changes in appetite or unusual toileting should not automatically be treated as a need for more attention. Behaviour can sometimes be the first sign of an underlying health problem. If a significant or persistent change occurs, a veterinarian can help determine whether the cause is medical, behavioural or environmental. Ultimately, the goal is not to keep pets constantly entertained. It is to give them enough companionship, exercise, mental stimulation, predictable routines and opportunities to behave naturally. A few thoughtful changes in a pet's daily routine can make home life healthier, calmer and more fulfilling for both the animal and its owner.